Answers to Questions About Suffixes

Answers to Questions About Suffixes Answers to Questions About Suffixes Answers to Questions About Suffixes By Mark Nichol Here are a few inquiries from DailyWritingTips.com perusers about postfixes, trailed by my reactions. 1. Why is cheddar like composed as two words, when doglike and catlike are composed as single words? I regularly go over different words that are joined to like with hyphens. For the most part, words that end with a vowel are connected to postfixes, for example, - like with a hyphen, as opposed to straightforwardly appended as a shut compound. (Exact is an exemption.) 2. In what capacity should the word bunch be pluralized? I have consistently utilized handsful, instead of bunches. Plurals of words with the addition - ful consistently take the s after the postfix. Be that as it may, you don’t fundamentally consistently utilize the postfix: When you wish to accentuate the compartment, you ought to compose, for instance, â€Å"I purged a can loaded with water into the tub† or â€Å"I exhausted a few cans brimming with water into the tub.† To concentrate on the substance of the holder, you ought to compose, for instance, â€Å"I discharged a bucketful of water into the tub† or â€Å"I exhausted a few bucketfuls of water into the tub.† 3. Why you didn't hyphenate warlike in an ongoing post? Once in a while, in a New Yorker article, I’ll see a word with the addition - like hyphenated and another word with a similar postfix not hyphenated. I accept that in the sixteenth version of The Chicago Manual of Style, it is hyphenated. The default setting is to preclude a hyphen in words with the addition - like. Here’s a post about hyphenation of words with prefixes and postfixes. Chicago doesn't utilize warlike for instance, yet as per its general proposals, the word ought to be shut. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Spelling classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Deck the HallsDozen: Singular or Plural?

Art Criticism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Craftsmanship Criticism - Term Paper Example One of Tooker’s most famous artwork, Government Bureau (1956) is a metaphorical depiction of bureaucratic framework: the watcher sees the portrayal of a commonplace government office in the mid1950s’ America: dividers painted light yellowish shading, square columns bolster the roof, pendant ball-formed lights, various work areas masterminded cautiously in the workplace space with representatives peeping however the openings in matte glass, and individuals trusting that their turn will be prepared. As we take a gander at the closer view, we see a man in a coat who is conceivably hanging tight for his turn or watching the scene. It appears that he is the ‘newcomer’ who is somewhat befuddled by the plan of the workplace and various lines. In any case, as the look movements to one side, we recognize another indistinguishable man standing farther. At that point, taking a gander at others in the workplace, we see that every one of them are indistinguishable: dupl icates of people remain in lines or at the work areas. Then again, clerks’s faces †or their sections obvious however the openings in matte glass †are indistinguishable, as well. In addition, they are holding their hands over the call catches â€Å"ready to gather the following client† (McKiernan 140). While the clients’ faces are escaped the watcher, attentive faces and hands over the call catches are on the whole the watcher can see of the clerks’ figures.

Reiss SWOT Analysis free essay sample

Reiss truly gives close consideration to detail and nature of texture. For instance, for this enormous neckline jacket, Reiss have decided to utilize a fleece rich mix, a great texture for a coat. The twofold breasted style gives a conventional look and the curiously large neckline gives a dash of casualness. Moving onto the component of intrigue; the sunray impact crease detail. This gives a ‘shapely look’, recommending that Reiss like to make formal looks as well as ladylike instead of gender ambiguous. Jacquard is an extremely intriguing texture that can be utilized to ‘spruce up’ any †in any case plain †piece of clothing. I love Reiss’ smart utilization of blending plain and finished textures and what preferred finished texture to use over jacquard? It is one more incredible approach to add scrupulousness with its complicated, ‘embossed’ and quite sparkly quality. Taruca is a much needed refresher among the different Reiss Garments with its striking red shade and wonderfully straightforward neck detail (once more, thoughtfulness regarding detailâ â and shiny covering. We will compose a custom article test on Reiss SWOT Analysis or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Shop Layout If there is one thing I have seen about Reiss’ stores around the world, it is the moderate, formal and straightforward design. From monochrome strides to clear hanging racks, the second you enter the shop the mood is smooth yet sharp, straightforward yet strong and quiet yet formal. The most unmistakable subtleties of the stores being genuine dark with chrome, round and hollow bars and in some cases full divider mirrors and because of this expert design. I have attracted my client profile to an end, taking focuses from all parts of the organization itself; the costs, the article of clothing quality and finish and furthermore the shop design. The costs for the articles of clothing at Reiss are very top of the line. This †I feel †is a result of the top notch material that Reiss use to make their pieces of clothing. My decision is that Reiss structure with basic, key shapes as a primary concern, concentrating on finished materials to include the component of enthusiasm for little detail. I feel that Reiss draw in business orientated personalities, where significant expenses propose high caliber or more standard completion. At the point when you enter a shop, it just takes you a couple of moments to decide if you feel great in the mood that the format radiates. Not at all like Primark, for instance, that radiate a noisy, bubbly inclination, Reiss’ target showcase are clearly better quality clients that vibe OK with moderate style and quiet feel. These clients are searching for a striking yet proficient look to ‘seal the deal’. Rivalry and Weaknesses

The MCAT Tutor When Should I Take the MCAT Exam

In MCAT prep, as in photography, timing is everything. Figuring out when to schedule your MCAT exam can be intimidating, but it is very important in making sure you have the right amount of time to study. In general, you want to prepare for the exam for at least three to four months while studying, on average, three to four hours per day. However, as an MCAT tutor in Boston I find that if my students are working or in school, they may not be able to devote as much time per day as someone who is not working and solely focused on studying. It may also be the case that you took the required pre-med courses several years ago and remember very little of the material that is tested on the MCAT, in which case you may want more time to review. Alternatively, you could have just finished a condensed postbacprogram and feel like you know all of the material well, in which case you may want to take the MCAT promptly after you finish the program so you forget as little as possible. Thus, scheduling the MCAT depends to a certain extent on your own personal situation. Here are some general guidelines and tips for when to schedule your MCAT exam. If you are planning on beginning medical school the fall after you graduate from college or one year after you finish college, you have two choices for when to take your MCAT exam: during the school year (most likely the spring) or during the summer (either between junior and senior years or after you graduate senior year). There are advantages and drawbacks to each option. During the School Year If you decide to take the exam during the school year, you will receive your MCAT score before you submit your AMCAS application. This is a significant benefit, as you have to choose which schools to apply to when you submit your application, and knowing your MCAT score will give you more information about the schools that are the best fit for you. However, you will want to have completed all of the pre-medical courses before you take the MCAT (which generally takes at least three years) so you will most likely need to wait until at least the spring of your junior year to take the exam. It can be very challenging to study for the MCAT while studying for your other courses, especially if those courses include organic chemistry, but many people are able to do it. You may not have as much of a social life for a couple of months, but believe me it is worth it in the long run! Another potential benefit of taking the exam during the school year is that you will need much less time to revie w the material for the pre-med courses that you are taking at the time. During the Summer You can also wait to take the exam until the summer. This enables you more time to study, especially if you are not working, but provides several challenges. First, you will want to submit your AMCAS application as early as possible in the summer so as to increase your likelihood of getting in, but you must select the schools you wish to attend when you submit your application. It is challenging to determine which schools are the best fit for you without knowing your MCAT score. If you do choose to go this route, you can combat this problem by applying to a large range of schools, but this can be very costly. Moreover, if you take the MCAT during the summer and you do not score as highly as you hoped, you will have limited time to re-take the exam. If you are taking more than one year off between college and medical school, you will likely have more flexibility regarding when you take the exam. However, you still may want to take the exam as soon as you can after completing your pre-medical science requirements so that you do not forget much of the material. You need to keep in mind though that many schools only accept an MCAT test date within a certain amount of time before matriculation, so you cannot take the test too many years before you plan to apply to medical school. Make sure to verify this information with the schools to which you plan to apply. There are no hard and fast rules about when to take the MCAT, however considering when you plan to begin medical school, what your school or work schedule is like, and when you took your pre-med courses, these guidelines should help you figure out the best test date for you. And if you need help preparing for the new 2015 MCAT, give Cambridge Coaching a call! We provide expert MCAT tutor services in New York, Boston, and online. Our tutors can guide you through every part of your MCAT review, and help you get the score you need! Call us today at 617.714.5956. For more relevant reading, check out these other blog posts, written by ourMCAT tutors in New York and Boston]: 4 Tips to Raise Your MCAT Verbal Score, Everything You NEED to Know About the 2015 MCAT, and Getting Over MCAT Test Day Nerves. ;

Essay Marshall McLuhans Understanding Media - 3740 Words

Marshall McLuhans Understanding Media In his groundbreaking work, Understanding Media, Marshall McLuhan posits that technologies in the â€Å"electric age† rendered it impossible for the individual to remain â€Å"aloof† anymore . Over the course of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, while an increasing presence of electric machines in daily life irrefutably signaled our nation’s arrival into the electric age, society’s â€Å"central nervous system [was] technologically extended to involve [each individual] in the whole of mankind,† McLuhan states (20). Previously disconnected, isolated individuals and groups suddenly became compressed, involved in each others’ lives, and unified into a network. As opposed to the preceding mechanical age, this†¦show more content†¦Finally, Houdini’s performances, which were especially popular in the first decade of the 20th century, created a social space where individuals could gather together and watch a man fulfill their fa ntasy: escape from modern society. The irony is that Houdini’s shows, which unified individuals into groups or audiences, succeeded by flaunting separation and freedom from technology, instead of celebrating any unifying qualities of technology. Regardless of whether their work was intellectual or not, these three turn of the century artists suggest that Americans were more ambivalent about the role of technology in their lives than McLuhan indicates. Adams, James, and Houdini do not pretend that technological progress can be prevented, nor do they protest that society should retreat to the safe mechanical age. Rather, they argue that in the electric age, technologies can be just as divisive and separating as they are uniting. For Henry Adams, technology and forces in the future create separation in two ways: first, evolving technology creates a generational gap that separates the old American from the new; second, evolving technologies ultimately lead mankind toward destruction, thereby separating people from theirShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Medium is the Message1923 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The medium is the message,† uttered by the late media scholar and theorist Marshall McLuhan, and they have been revered and dissected ever since they were spoken. There has been several different interpretations on the premise of McLuhan’s words, and the meaning behind them. The best way to start unraveling his theory, is to get a general understanding of the terms used in his famous quote. In McLuhan’s own words, a medium is simply â€Å"an extension of ourselves.† Simply put the medium personifiesRead MoreHow Money Has Changed Society Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesHow Money Has Changed Society *Works Cited Not Included Marshall McLuhans lasting contribution is his vision of the ways technology affects and changes history and culture. McLuhan proposes that technologies are not mere add-ons to who and what humans are but, rather, alter them as though the technologies really are extensions of humans. Technology determines culture and history to the extent that it shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and actionRead MoreNarcissuss Facebook Profile Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesIn Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, Marshall McLluhan uses the Greek myth of Narcissus as a metaphor for our inability to notice the gradual societal changes engendered by new extensions of ourselves. McLuhan writes that because â€Å"the content of any medium is always another medium† (McLuhan 8), we tend to focus on the obvious, not that the message of that medium, the â€Å"social consequences... [that]...result from the new scale that is introduced into our affairs by each extensio n of ourselves†Read MoreMarshal Mcluhan1677 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction We live in a world, which is dominated with technology. Marshall McLuhan theorized that technology will and has become an extension of the human body in order to improve on it and better its functional value and we shall all be united in a â€Å"Global Village†. In this essay, I shall cover some information about Marshall McLuhan, his theories, and analyze the Nintendo Wii gaming console using a tetrad of questions to explain his theory. Marxism and Capitalist Society At its core, MarxismRead MoreMarshall Mcluhan s Theory Of Hot And Cold902 Words   |  4 PagesMarshall McLuhan’s theory of â€Å"hot† vs. â€Å"cool† classified media into two groups and took into consideration extensive understandings of how the media interacts with audience and catoragized them based of an extensive list. Although McLuhan gives an excellent theory of hot vs cold media, time has shown how a hot media has the power of transforming into a cold media and vise verse. In his essay, â€Å"Media Hot and Cold,† McLuhan identified film as a very hot media and the internet as a very cool media,Read MoreThe Perception Of Media During The 20th Century1067 Words   |  5 Pagestime, Marshall McLuhan, has advanced and changed the worlds perception of media during the 20th century. â€Å"The medium is the message† is said to be one of the most famous statements in history as it focuses towards the overall idea of media, studying the traits and effects of the senses of an individual. Though he is hailed as an influential figure of the internet age, having understood the power of the internet long before anyone else, many new things have been introduced to the world of media todayRead MoreInformation flows around the world1952 Words   |  8 PagesMarshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher of communication theory, developed the concept of the term ‘Global Village’ in two of his earliest books—The Gutenberg Galaxy, in 1962, and Understanding Media: The Extension of Man, in 1964. He defined global village as a small village where electronic media made it possible, and how the information flows from parts of the world at the same time (Mcluhan, 1964). No matter how far or near of anything happen around the globe, people can see and hearRead MoreUnderstanding The Medi The Extensions Of Man1334 Words   |  6 Pageswritten task one is a opinion column about the Marshall McLuhan’s book Understanding the Media: the Extensions of Man. He believed that the world has to live within a mosaic of culture, exemplified by the TV news, the only unifying factor which - the fact that they occurred on the same day and hour. efficient media studies is dealing not only with the content of the media, but also with the very media, with the cultural context in which the media operate. It emphasizes its basic idea that new technologiesRead MoreHow Does The Control Of Production Mean For The Media Produced?878 Words   |  4 Pagestheoretically and physically, define the media, medium, and message that is produced within it? What does the act of production mean for the media produced? Media, through technology and its use by agents in social and material production, operates on a local and a global level through its production and dissemination. This creates spaces in which roles and agendas can be played out to the conclusion of an end product. This end product, however, is not only the produced media, but the anticipated receptionRead MoreGoogle vs. Intelligence Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesInternet as our main conduit of information. The advantages (ease of use, instant availability) seem attractive, which leads to widespread adoption, but the interface itself may limit our intellectual capacity. As Carr observes from media theorist Marshall McLuhan’s work, â€Å"media are not just passive channels of information. They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought† (Carr). Because reading is not an automatic skill for humans, but a learned behavior, our flexible brains

The Ethics Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act - 1703 Words

In the past, many corporate executive have committed various forms scandals in their organizations. Such fraudulent arts are unethical and immoral behavior. This led the US government to form legislation in order to control fraudulent activities; mostly performed by senior officers in the organization. In view of this, this paper will address the following: historical summary on SOX enactment, the key ethical components of SOX, social responsibility implications regarding mandatory publication of corporate ethics, whether the criticisms of SOX implication presents an unfair burden on smaller organizations and suggestions on the improvement of SOX legislation. Brief Historical Summary on SOX Enactment The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was introduced by Senator Paul Sarbanes, a Democrat from Maryland and Congressman Michael Oxley, a Republican from Ohio. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law in July 30, 2002. SOX enactment is an act that was formulated as a result of corporate scandals from Enron, WorldCom, Adelphia, and Tyco. However, Congress succumbed to pressure from the public for the government to take action about the unethical behavior of company executives of publicly –traded companies. Thus, the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) was to restore the integrity and public confidence in financial markets. During these scandals, there were flagrant disregard to Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP). For example, according to Washington Post (2005), WorldComShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Sarbanes Oxley Act1667 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enforced in the past but caught everyone’s attention when drastic audit failures from Enron and Worldcom happened. An enhanced act (SOX) was enacted in 2002 improving audit quality. In particular, section 404 provides guidance of assessment to internal control. For an accounting perspective, internal control is a system for internal and external auditors to measure performance and recommend the improvement of the control. It is definitely correct that both enforcementRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmarkets. Within weeks of the scandal, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This act the has made significant adjustments in the accounting industry by require the company CEO take the United States criminal responsibility for company s financial reporting authenticity. Strict audit the company’ regulations and supervision, prohibit of the company insider loans and to require more timely disclosure of financ ial information (Laffie). This act greatly strengthened criminal penalties for company’s financialRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act1778 Words   |  8 Pagesaccounting methods, the financial industry has been plagued with one disaster after another involving numerous scandals from top leading American companies. Consequently, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 compromising eleven sections that are generated to insure the responsibilities of the company’s managers and executives. This act identifies criminal penalties for particular unethical practices and currently has new policies that a corporation must follow in their financial reporting. The followingRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 ( Sox )858 Words   |  4 Pagessmall family business could have implemented to refrain the perpetrators from fraudulent incidents, protect organizational assets and the organization’s going concern. Corporate fraud was the cornerstone for the strict implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). SOX implements many compliance regulations, but one of its regulations, specifically Section 404, relates to an organization’s internal control procedures with the purpose of protecting organizational assets and investors’ interestRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreSarbanes Oxley1476 Words   |  6 Pagesfirms. Sarbanes Oxley has m ade many changes to many companies. The major financial scandals have impacted many investors and required more regulations to avert this problems. Sarbanes Oxley has tried to increase ethics in the upper management in many public companies. The upper management has tried to improve on social responsibility and increase the public view. There are many critics to Sarbanes Oxley and many different suggestions on improvements. History of Sarbanes-Oxley Act ScandalsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations are put in line to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics include â€Å"the promotion of honest andRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Paper934 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: SARBANES OXLEY ACT Sarbanes Oxley Act Introduction Sarbanes Oxley Act is focused towards identifying accounting frauds in different public companies. This paper discusses about various reasons for the introduction of Sarbanes Oxley Act and causes that has been overlooked. Causes for Sarbanes-Oxley Act Sarbanes Oxley Act is US federal law, which is established in order to set out the some standards for accounting firms, public company boards and managementRead MoreThe Tax Advantages Of Sarbanes Oxley Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesDisadvantages of Sarbanes-Oxley Afua Nyamekye Liberty University The Tax Advantages and Disadvantages of Sarbanes-Oxley The 1990s and the early 2000s was a time that the world witness an explosion of fraud in the corporate world. Corporate fraud like Enron, HealthSouth, Waste Management, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers, etc. was so disturbing that lawmakers felt the need for a law to help curb down these frauds. Lawmakers came out with Sarbanes Oxley named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Rep. MichaelRead MoreEssay about Details of the Sarbanes Oxley Act 20021060 Words   |  5 Pagesfindings properly. Since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, there have been provisions that have directly affected auditors. This paper will include the details of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, how ethics and independence have affected auditors, as well implementation of new standards based on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, provided changes in the regulations of the issuers in the public structures in the United States, as well as non-United States issuers. The Act applies to all issuers including

Jazz Research Paper free essay sample

Jazz Music Jazz Is associated with the African American people and this Is an Influence unequaled in the field of music. The true spirit of jazz arises from a revolt from convention, custom, authority, and boredom, even sorrow, from everything that would confine the soul of man. The blacks that invented it called their songs the blues, and they werent capable of satire or deception. Jazz was their explosive attempt to cast off the blues and be happy, carefree happy, even in the midst of sordidness and sorrow. Jazz Is a release of all the suppressed emotions at once. Jazz Is a part of the erect process of African American music.In rhythm It goes directly back through ragtime, through the minstrel period, through the spirituals and dances to its African origin. Jazz, as we know it, is a product of the age in which we are living. For that reason, it is not pure black music, but rather, the African American reflected in modern life. The music is reflective of the restlessness and syncopated lives of the American temperament. The manner of production of Jazz Is rhythmic and usually referred to as black rhythm. In It there must exist a spontaneous physical abandonment to the moving accents of the music. Jazz began as an improvisation.The first Jazz players knew the tune, but all of the quirks and turns which made it Jazzy were created as they progressed; each man for himself, blending, syncopating, gliding, harmonize, throwing in offbeat and rhythmic patterns which somehow or another held together and made Jazz. In addition, Jazz has created its own method of Instrumentation, unlike that of any other type of music. Molded In native rhythms. Improvised melodies, stimulating harmonies, and refreshingly new methods of instrumentation, jazz has come to develop that quality of music which is n aspect of permanency, namely style. Analysis As early Jazz developed In the US, so did Its popularity. Although other cities caught on, the primary region of the south that would have the most Impact and a better scene was Louisiana, particularly the New Orleans. The New Orleans was known for its relaxed atmosphere and a diverse population of races- African, French, Italian, and Portuguese- and was home to gambling Joints, dance halls, and saloons. The New Orleans Jazz had developed a newer kind of sound- Dixieland- and brought out a new breed of talented Jazz musicians such as Ferdinand Jelly Roll Morton, Joseph King Oliver and Louis Staccato Armstrong.Jazz critic Max Harrison described Louis as The first true virtuoso soloist of jazz, Armstrong was a dazzling improviser, technically, emotionally, and intellectually. He changed the format of jazz by bringing the soloist to the forefront, and in his recording groups, the Hot Five and the Hot Seven, demonstrated that Jazz improvisation could go far beyond simply ornamen ting the melody he created new melodies based on the chords of the Initial tune (1). Many New Orleans musicians, Including Armstrong, migrated to Chicago, InfluencingNew Orleans style but emphasizing soloists, often adding saxophone to the instrumentation, and usually producing tenser rhythms and more complicated textures. Instrumentalists working in Chicago or influenced by the Chicago style included the trombonist Jack Degraded, the banjoist Eddie Condo, the drummer Gene Koura, and the clarinetist Benny Goodman. Also active in Chicago was Big Bedecked, whose lyrical approach to the cornet provided an alternative to Armstrongs trumpet style. Many Chicago musicians eventually settled in New York City, another major center for Jazz in the sasss. ) The New Orleans Jazz style came to pass, replaced by the oncoming swing era. This was carried forward by the bands of Duke Elongating, Count Basis, Benny Goodman, Glen Miller, Artier Shaw, Tommy and Jimmy Dorset, and many others (this movement was further helped by the newly-invented radio and the inexpensive phonograph record). In 1928 Edward Duke Elongating performed his famous stand at Harems Cotton Club. He quickly emerged as a major innovator in Jazz, and his large ensembles of twelve to fourteen pieces foreshadowed the swing craze of the middle sasss (3 ). Elongating was extinguished by his ability to compose creative pieces, such as East SST. Louis Doodle- 00, Black and Tan Fantasy, and Take the A Train, with individual members of his orchestra in mind. Many of these compositions have become Jazz standards that are performed all over the world. One major development in the emergence of the swing era was a rhythmic change that smoothed the two-beat rhythms of the New Orleans style into a more flowing four beats to the bar.Musicians also developed the use of short melodic patterns, called riffs, in call-and- response techniques. Jazz vocalists also became increasingly popular and flexible; vocalists such as Vive Anderson, Mildred Bailey, Ella Fitzgerald, and, above all, Billie Holiday were among the leading singers. The swing era continued through World War II and beyond. In 1945, jazz once again evolved and became redefined- this time by a young alto saxophonist from Kansas City. Charlie Parker was his name, and he is said to be the founder of the newly defined Jazz sound of the day- Bebop.As Gary Giddings, Jazz critic, put it: A virtuoso alto saxophonist, Parker was the only musician after Armstrong to influence all of Jazz and almost every aspect of American music- its instrumentalists and singers, composers, and arrangers. By 1955, his innovations could be heard everywhere: in Jazz, of course, but also in rock and roll, country music, film and television scores, and even symphonic works. Parker altered the rhythmic and harmonic currents of music, and he produced a body of melodies- or more to the point, a way of melodic thinking- that became closely identified with the idea of Jazz as a personal and intellectual modern music. 4) The new generation of bebop brought forth many changes. It was no longer dance music- the tempos of bop rendered dancin g impossible and therefore physically reduced Jazz music to that of listening only (5). It even began a public culture- as critic Lester Standstill states the press and many musicians had established bebop As a kind of cult, as though it were less a music than a life style, complete with flashy clothing, dark glasses, berets, beards, secret handshakes, and an extensive lingo of Jive talk (5).Jazz clubs became smaller, and so did the performing bands- combos and small groups dominated the scene. Bop placed a great deal of stress on the players themselves, ate sasss brought forth an explosion of experimentation in Jazz. Modernized big bands led by Dizzy Gillespie and Stan Kenton flourished alongside small groups with innovative musicians. Yet another new style of Jazz was to be born- cool Jazz. Such influences to this genre are classical composers like Bach, Stravinsky, and Bart ¶k.This also inspired a fusion of cool Jazz and classical music known as third stream, pioneered by composer and French horn player Gunter Schuler and the Modern Jazz Quartet, which carved out a small following but never gained wide popularity. Another approach began to be heard in the very late sasss in the groups fronted by Miles Davis (trumpet), Ornate Coleman (saxophone, trumpet, and violin), and John Chlorate (saxophone). It was known as free Jazz- a style that was not based on regular forms and established chord patterns.John Chlorate was the most influential musician of that genre- his tone was large, intense, and equally powerful in all registers.. . A fury of passion through ingenious improvisation (6). Chlorate had a deep interest in Indian and Arabic music, and infused those learned techniques to his improvisations. He composed many songs, such as the path-breaking Giant Steps, which used a new type of chord pattern to soon be followed by many modern jazz musicians. The sasss were also a time of embracing radical new ideas, including Black Nationalism and protesting American military action in Vietnam.Saxophone players Archie Sheep, Pharaoh Sanders, and Sam Rivers were playing fierce, sometimes angry music that wailed and lamented. Instead of the predictable format of small groups (theme, solos, theme [a-b-a pattern]), free Jazz emphasized group improvisation, lengthy solos, and static harmonic development. Also associated with free Jazz is that of abstract or avian-garden improvisation (7). After the experimental jazz of the late sass, the genre became directionless and was also having to compete with the increasing popularity of rock music.The result was the birth of jazz-fusion and the success of Miles Davits album, Pitches Brew, in 1970, encouraged many other Jazz musicians to tackle this new musical style. But, while the music of Miles Davis, Chicago and Blood, Sweat and Tears could be described as Jazz-rock, a genre which Jazz critics refused to accept, the music was closer to Jazz-funk and the ululates of Herb Hammocks seminal album, Headhunters. It was an updated version of the soul-influenced Jazz music of the late sass, but with the earthiness of those recordings extracted and replaced with a smoother texture.This was often complimented with lush orchestral strings, classical guitars and flutes that gave the music the feeling of a film soundtrack. For some critics, the Sevent ies was the decade in which Jazz died. Jazz, was combined with the traditional styles of the music with the contemporary innovations in Latin, Brazilian and soul music. Winning a Grammar ward for Stan Getting Status Gilberts The Girl from Panama, was proof the success of the innovative ability to mix Jazz with other musical styles. (8) Donald Byrd is a player whose music has kept up with the times.For 40 years, the trumpeter has been an integral part of American Jazz music. Influencing hard bop, Jazz fusion, and even the hip-hop acid-Jazz genres. For Byrd, they all come from the same wellspring. Whether its hard bop or funk or hip-hop, Byrd has been quoted as stating to me there is no difference. Its all an extension of the same thing. Its all Black music and these are all valid expressions of that. His lyrical style on the worked closely with John Chlorate, Sonny Rollins, and Max Roach. In the ass, Bards abilities as a composer and leader came to the forefront, as he became one of the prime members of the Blue Note stable.He played trumpet on Herb Hammocks Taking Off which included the now-classic Watermelon Man. He recorded a number of seminal pieces, including the classic Christi Rodent, which was a hauntingly beautiful work combining instruments and voices. His other classic recordings include Fancy Free and Electric Byrd, which was a portent of things to omen. (9) In 1973, Byrd came out with a recording that set the tone of Jazz in the ass. Black Byrd was a landmark work in that it combined Jazz with R and funk.It was one of the first Jazz recordings to rely on R vocals, and such elements of pop music as a hook, a catchy phrase that would be repeated throughout the tune. Innovators come in all styles. Much of the African-American music of the sasss and asss owes a debt to George Clinton. His early work from the asss with Parliament and later Fungicidal defined funk and urban dance music. The rhythmic textures over-lapped n a new vital sound inspiring many musicians since. His influence on hip-hop and rap is evident in the bass-heavy rhythms and relaxed vocals added to this percussive mix.All modern African-American music is in his debt. (10) Conclusion Names in Jazz are numerous with Dizzy Gillespie, Americas ambassador of Jazz; Earl Hines, the father of modern Jazz piano; Edwin Hawkins, composer of O Happy Day; Billy Cistern, famous big band leader and romantic ballad singer; James Cleveland, developer of modern gospel music, among others all represent the essence of Jazz. 11) Taking some quotes (12) we see what Jazz is all about: In his book Venice West, John Arthur Maynard writes: Jazz served as the ultimate point of reference, even though, or perhaps even because, few among them played it.From it they adopted the myths of the brooding, tortured, solitary artist, performing with others but always alone. They talked the talk of Jazz, built communal rites around using the jazzmen drugs, and worshipped the dead Jazz musicians most fervently. The musi cian whose music was fatal represented pure spontaneity. In his only successful kook, Go, Beat author John Echelon Holmes wrote: In this modern Jazz, they heard something rebel and nameless that spoke for them, and their lives knew a gospel for the first time.